Genetic Diversity of Merozoite Surface Protein 2 (MSP2) Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolate in Wamena General Hospital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31957/jbp.1319Abstract
The genetic diversity of typical clinical isolated Plasmodium falciparum in the malaria population varies greatly, especially at the location where malaria disease were recorded at high incidence rate. MSP2 is known as glycoprotein expressed on the surface of merozoites, which is an antigenic protein and has a potential to act as vaccine candidate for malaria. The MSP2 gene has two main allelic groups called FC27 and 3D7/IC. Block 3 from MSP2 gene is the most polymorphic to describe the diversity of parasite populations. The P. falciparum parasite population is often characterized by wide genetic diversity in areas of high transmission intensity. Therefore, the study on P. falciparum diversity is useful to describe the level of malaria transmission. The study of genetic diversity focused on clinical isolated species at Wamena General Hospital was aimed to determine the presence of the MSP2 gene, variety of MSP2 gene allele and the dominant frequency of the MSP2 gene allele. This research has been carried out from March 2018 to February 2019 using a cross sectional approach. The research sample was taken and prepared from Wamena Regional Hospital and followed by the analyzing of DNA isolation, PCR, electrophoresis of the research samples was done at the genetic science laboratory in Jakarta, Indonesia. The samples studied were patients who met the inclusion criteria, namely a single P. falciparum infection with an asexual parasite density >1000 parasites/µl or >3+ (1-10 P/Lp), and were agreed to become respondents by signing an informed consent. A total of 26 clinical isolates of P. falciparum were isolated with the MSP2 gene distribution on the FC27 allele with the highest as many as 25 samples (96.2%), 22 samples (84.6%) of the 3D7 / IC allele while the mixture of the two alleles was 22 samples (84.6%). From a total of 26 samples, there were samples with the male gender category counted for 77.3% and female 41%. The results of the identification of clinical isolated P. falciparum at Wamena Hospital with a total of 26 samples were found in productive age, between 15-34 years with a single allele (95.8%), while 23 cases and mix (both alleles 87.5%) about 21 cases, meanwhile in cases of before-productive age, in which ages were 12 and 14 years of age with a single allele 100% (FC27) 2 cases and 50% (3D7/IC) found to be 1 case, The mixture of the two alleles is 50% was only 1 case and there was no sample at non-productive age observed.Â
Key words: Malaria; MSP-2; P. falciparum; Wamena
Downloads
References
Atroosh, W.M., H.M. Al-Mekhlafi., M.A.K. Mahdy., R. Saif-Ali., A.M. Al-Mekhlafi, and J. Surin. 2011. Genetik diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pahang, Malaysia based on MSP-1 and MSP-2 genes. Parasites & Vector. 4: 233.
Anthony, R.L., M.J. Bangs., N. Hamzah., H. Basri., Purnomo, and B. Subianto. 1992. Heightened transmissions of stable malaria in an isolated population in the highlands of irian Jaya, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 47(3): 346-356.
Congpuong, K., R. Sukaram., Y. Prompan, and A. Dornae. 2014. Genetic diversity of the msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes of Plasmodium falciparum isolates along the Thai-Myanmar borders. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 4(8): 598–602.
Eisen, D., H. Billman-Jacobe., V.F. Marshall, D. Fryauff, and R.L. Coppel. 1998. Temporal variation of the merozoite surface protein-2 gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Infect Immun. 66(1): 239.
Gardner, M.J., N. Hall., E. Fung., O. White., M. Berriman., R.W. Hyman., J.M. Carlton., A. Pain., K.E. Nelson., S. Bowman., I.T. Paulsen., K. James., J.A. Eisen., K. Rutherford., S.L. Salzberg., A. Craig., S. Kyes., M.S. Chan., V. Nene., S.J. Shallom., B. Suh., J. Peterson., S. Angiuoli., M. Pertea., J. Allen., J. Selengut., D. Haft., M.W. Mather., A.B. Vaidya., D.M. Martin., A.H. Fairlamb., M.J. Fraunholz., D.S. Roos., S.A. Ralph., G.I. McFadden., L.M. Cummings., G.M. Subramanian., C. Mungall., J.C. Venter., D.J. Carucci., S.L. Hoffman., C. Newbold., R.W. Davis., C.M. Fraser, and B.N. Barrell. 2002. Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature. 419(6906): 498-511.
Genton, B., I. Betuela., I. Felger., F. Al-Yaman., R.F. Anders., A. Sau., L. Rare., M. Baisor., K. Lorry., G.V. Brown., D. Pye., D.O. Irving., T.A. Smith., H.P. Beck, and M.P. Alpers. 2002. A recombinant blood-stage malaria vaccine reduces Plasmodium falciparum density and exerts selective pressure on parasite populations in a phase 1-2b trial in Papua New Guinea. J Infect Dis. 15: 185(6): 820-7.
Ghanchi, N.K., A. Martensson., J. Ursing., S Jafri S., S Bereczky., R. Hussain, and M.A. Beq. 2010. Genetic diversity among Plasmodium falciparum field isolates in Pakistan measured with PCR genotyping of the merozoite surface protein 1 and 2. Malaria Journal. 1: 9.
Hamid, M.M.A., S.B. Mohammed, and I.M.E. Hassan. 2013. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates in central Sudan inferred by PCR genotyping of merozoite surface protein 1 and 2. N. Am J Med Sci. 5(2):95-101.
Handayani, S., E. Salwati, and E. Tjitra. 2011. Genetic diversity of P. falciparum markers from Dihidroartemisinin-Piperakuin monitoring research specimens in Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Media Litbang Kesehatan. 22(3): 120–130.
Heidari, A., H. Keshavarz., M.B. Rokni, and T. Jelinek. 2007. Genetic diversity in merozoite surface protein(MSP)-1 and MSP-2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum in a major endemic region of Iran. Korean J Parasitol. Mar. 45(1): 59-63.
Huang, B., F. Tuo., Y. Liang., W. Wu., G. Wu., S. Huang., Q. Zhong., X. Su., H. Zhang., M. Li., A. Bacar., K. S. Abdallah., A.M.S.A Mliva., Q. Wang., Z. Yang., S. Zheng., Q. Xu., J. Song, and C. Deng. 2018. Temporal changes in genetic diversity of MSP1, MSP2, and MSP3 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Grande Comore Island after introduction of ACT. Malaria Journal. 17: 83. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2227-3.
Jamil, K.F., S. Supargiyono., Syafruddin., N. Pratama, and S. Silvy. 2018. Genetic diversity of merozoite surface protein-2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Aceh province, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science. 125(1): 012036.
Kang, M.K., S.U. Moon., J.Y. Kim., S.H. Cho., K. Lin., W.M. Sohn., T.S. Kim, and B.K. Na. 2010. Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 and merozoite surface protein-2 in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Myanmar. Malaria Jounal. 9: 131. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-131.
Kidima, W., and G. Nkwengulila. 2015. Plasmodium falciparum MSP2 Genotypes and multiplicity of infections among children under five years with uncomplicated malaria in Kibaha, Tanzania. Journal of Parasitology Research. (1): 1-6.
Kiwanuka., G.N. 2009. Genetic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 coding genes and its implications in malaria epidemiology: a review of published studies from 1997–2007. Journal Vector Borne Dis. 46(1): 1–12.
Koukouikila, K.F., V. Malonga., P.I. Mayengue., M. Ndounga., C.J. Vouvoungui, and F. Ntoumi. 2012. Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 2 and prevalence of K76T pfcrt mutation in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Congolese children with asymptomatic infections. Malaria Journal. 11: 105.
Londono, R.B., T.P. Eisele., J. Keating., A. Bennett, and D.J. Krogstad. 2012. Genetic diversity in the merozoite surface protein 1 and 2 genes of Plasmodium falciparum from the Artibonite Valley of Haiti. Acta Trop. 121(1): 6-12.
Meyengue, P.S., M. Ndounga., C.J. Vouvoungui, and F. Ntoumi. 2011. Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 and merozoite surface protein-2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Malaria Journal. 10: 276. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-276.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. 2016a. Jayawijaya Regency health profile.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. 2016b. Health Profile of Papua Province in 2016.
Mohammed, H., M. Kassa., A. Assefa., M. Tadesse, and A. Kebede. 2017. Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Pawe District, North West Ethiopia. PLoS One. 12(5): e0177559.
Moore, S.A., E.G.E. Surgey, and A.M. Cadwgan. 2002. Malaria vaccines: where are we and where are we going? Lancet Infect Dis. 2: 737–743.
Mustafa, S.O., M.M.A. Hamid., M.A. Aboud., M. Amin., M.S. Muneer., K. Yasin., N.S. Mahgoub, and N.M.E. Bagir. 2017. Genetic diversity and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 2 in field isolates from Sudan. F1000Research. 6: 1790. https://doi.org/ 10.12688/f1000research.12585.1.
Mwingira, F., G. Nkwengulila., S. Schoepflin., D. Sumari., H. P. Beck., G. Snounou., I. Felger., P. Olliaro & K. Mugittu. 2011. Plasmodium falciparum MSP1, MSP2 and glurp allele frequency and diversity in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria Journal. 10: 79. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-79.
Ogouyemi, H. A., D.K. Gazard., N. Ndam., E. Topanou., O Garba., P Elegbe., T. Hountohotegbe, and A. Massougbodji. 2013. Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein-1 and merozoite surface protein-2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from children in South of Benin. Parasite. 20: 37.
Ojurongbe, O., B.A.F. Fagbenro., O.A. Adeyeba, and J.F. Kun. 2011. Allelic diversity of merozoite surface protein 2 gene of P. falciparum among children in Osogbo, Nigeria. West Indian Med J. 60(1): 19-23.
Raj, D.K., B.R. Das., A.P. Dash, and P.C. Supakar. 2004. Genetic diversity in the MSP1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum in different malaria endemic localities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 71: 285–289.
Soe, T.N., Y. Wu., M.W. Tun., X. Xu., Y. Hu., Y. Ruan., A.Y.N. Win., M.H. Nyunt., N.C.N. Mon., K.T. Han., K.M. Aye., J. Morris., P. Su., Z. Yang., M.P. Kyaw, and L. Cui. 2017. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations in southheast and western Myanmar. Parasites & Vectors. 10: 322.
Snounou, G., X. Zhu., N. Siripoon., B. Jarra., S. Thaithong., K.N. Brown, and S. Viriyakosol. 1999. Biased distribution of MSP1 and MSP2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand. Trans R. Soc. Trop Med Hyg. 93(4): 369-374.
Some, A.F., T. Bazie., I. ZongoI., R.S. Yerbanga., F. Nikiema., C. Neya., L.K. Taho, and J.B. Ouedraogo. 2018. Plasmodium falciparum MSP1 and MSP2 genetic diversity and allele frequencies in parasites isolated from symptomatic malaria patients in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors. 11(1): 323. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2895-4.
Soulama, I., I. Nebie., A. Ouedraogo., A. Gansane., A. Diarra., A.B. Tiono., E.C. Bougouma., A.T. Konate., G.B. Kabre., W.R.J. Taylor, and S.B. Sirima. 2009. Plasmodium falciparum genotypes diversity in symptomatic malaria of children living in an urban and a rural setting in Burkina Faso. Malaria Journal. 8: 135.
Sorontou, Y & A. Pakpahan. 2015. Frequency distribution of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-2 allele and associaton with clinical manifestations and demographic factors in Jayapura municipal, Papua Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Parasitology Research. 7(1): 143-151.
Sumari, D., K.M. Hosea., J.P. Mugasa, and S. Abdulla. 2010. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum strains in children under Five Years of Age in Southeastern Tanzania. The Open Tropical Medicine Juournal. 3(1): 10-14.
Triajayanti, A. 2018. Variasi genetik gen Plasmodium falciparum merozoit surface protein-1 (Pfmsp-1) dari penderita malaria di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Hanura, Pesawaran, Lampung. Online access. Perpustakaan Universitas Lampung.
Worabay, M.G., B. Kiyai, and H.F. Kolondam. 2018. Local government policy in the construction of educational facilities and infrastructure in Jayawijaya Regency, Papua Province. Jurnal Administrasi Publik. 4(59): 10-20.
Yavo, W., A. Konate., D.P. Mawili-Mboumba., F.K. Kassi., M.L.T. Mbuyi., E.K. Angora., E.I.H. Menan., and M.K. Bouyou-Akotet. 2016. Genetic polymorphism of msp1 and msp2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Côte d’Ivoire versus Gabon. Journal of Parasitology Research. Article ID 3074803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ 2016/3074803.
Zakeri, S., S. Bereczky., P. Naimi., J.P. Gil., N.D. Djadid., A. Farnert., G. Snounou, and A. Bjorkman. 2005. Multiple genotypes of the merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 in Plasmodium falciparum infections in a hypoendemic area in Iran. Trop Med Int Health. 10(10): 1060-1064. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01477.x.
Zhang, D., L. Yao, and P. Bernd. 1994. Expression of Trk and neurotrophin mRNA in dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia of the quail during development. Journal of Neurobiology. 12(25): 1517-1532.
Zhou, X.F., and R.A Rush. 1991. Funcional roles of neurotrophin 3 in the developing and mature sympathetic nervous system. Moleculer Neurobiology. 13: 185–197.
