Dampak Perubahan Iklim di Pasifik Selatan: Ancaman Naiknya Permukaan Air Laut Terhadap Eksistensi Negara dan Penduduk Kiribati
Abstract
Climate change is a complex and globalizing environmental issue that occurs almost all over the world, including the South Pacific islands. This article aims to examine the impacts of climate change on the Pacific community, marked by a sea-level rise that threatens the existence of the country and its population – particularly the Republic of Kiribati. This study also investigates the role of the Kiribati government in planning future strategies in response to the threat of rising sea levels. By using descriptive qualitative analysis, it found that Kiribati became one of the countries in the South Pacific whose existence and inhabitants would be threatened by the sea level rise in the near future. The impacts felt by the people of Kiribati thus far included storm surges, typhoons, floods, sea-level rise, seawater intrusion, and drought. However, the sea-level rise became the most experienced phenomenon by households in Kiribati. The Kiribati government has developed three strategies: adaptation, mitigation, and relocation. Adaptation and mitigation are identified as priorities while considering relocation as the last option.
KEYWORDS
Climate Change; Kiribati; Pacific; Sea Level RiseDownloads
References
Alex, K. (14 Juni 1999). Islands disappear under rising seas. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/368892.stm
BBC News. (25 November 2013). Kiribati Island: Shinking into the sea? https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25086963
Burns, W. C. G. (2000). The Impact of Climate Change on Pacific Island Developing Countries in the 21st Century. In Alexander Gillespie & William C.G. Burns (eds.), Climate Change in the South Pacific: Impacts and Responses in Australia, New Zealand, and Small Island States, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Dewi, P. R. K. (2017). Climate Change Will Cause The Next Migrant Crisis: Studi Kasus Kiribati. Jurnal PIR: Power in International Relations, 2(1), 82-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22303/pir.2.1.2017.82-102
Donner, S. D., & Webber, S. (2014). Obstacles to climate change adaptation decisions: a case study of sea-level rise and coastal protection measures in Kiribati. Sustainability Science, 9(3), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0242-z
Ezilon Maps. (2015). Kiribati Map – Political Map of Kiribati. https://www.ezilon.com/maps/oceania/kiribati-maps.html
Ferris, E. (30 Juni 2015). Climate Change and the Pacific. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/climate-change-and-the-pacific/
Grinberg, E. (16 Desember 2008). Ice Melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says. CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/12/16/melting.ice/index.html
Hanafi, M. R. (2015). Climate Refugee: Tantangan Bagi Tata Kelola Global. Transformasi Global, 2(1), 36-50.
Hanafi, M. R. (2016). Majuro Declaration: “Kudeta†Kepemimpinan Isu Perubahan Iklim. Transformasi Global, 3(1), 21-41.
Harvey, G. (22 Mei 2014). Sinking States: Climate Change and the Pacific. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/sinking-states-climate-change-and-the-pacific/
Karlina, W. R., & Viana, A. S. (2020). Pengaruh Naiknya Permukaan Air Laut terhadap Perubahan Garis Pangkal Pantai Akibat Perubahan Iklim. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 6(2), 575-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v6i2.28203
Mallin, M. A. F. (2018). From sea-level rise to seabed grabbing: the political economy of climate change in Kiribati. Marine Policy, 97, 244-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.021
Nace, T. (9 September 2017). New Study Find 8 Islands Swallowed by Rising Sea Level. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2017/09/09/new-study-finds-8-islands-swallowed-by-rising-sea-level/?sh=5c1f8f8b5283
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (26 Februari 2021). How is sea level rise related to climate change? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevelclimate.html
Rolfe, J. (2014). The Pacific Islands: Security problems out of mind and out of focus. CSS Strategic Background Paper (1-6). https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/strategic-studies/documents/strategic-background-papers/20-the-pacific-islands-security-problems-out-of-mind-and-out-of-focus.pdf
Sayyidati, A. (2017). Isu Pemanasan Global dalam Pergeseran Paradigma Keamanan pada Studi Hubungan Internasional. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 6(1), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.61103
Storey, D., & Hunter, S. (2010). Kiribati: an environmental ‘perfect storm’. Australian geographer, 41(2), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049181003742294
The United Nations. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
Trombetta, M.J. (2008). Environmental Security and Climate Change:Analysing The Discourse. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 21(4), 585-602.
UNDP. (1994). Human Development Report 1994. Oxford University Press.
Wati, V. O., Apresian, S. R., & Dewi, E. A. S. (2018). The Collaboration Between Indonesia and Pacific Island Countries in Facing Environmental Challenges. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 14(1), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v14i1.2834.137-148
Wyett, K. (2013). Escaping a Rising Tide: Sea Level Rise and Migration in Kiribati. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 1(1), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.7
Wyeth, G. (05 Juni 2017). For Pacific Island States, Climate Change Is an Existential Threat. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/for-pacific-island-states-climate-change-is-an-existential-threat/
. 
